---
schema_version: "1"
id: 9fc9aa6cb6fa1e7cfbd505eebff4a3565a4d6458eefc552e070743a8da725f0a
title: Explore a Second-Order Insight
collection: admin
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locale: en-us
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canonical_url: https://help.salesforce.com/s/articleView?id=analytics.bi_edd_insight_variable_second_order.htm&release=264.0.0&type=5
source_site: help.salesforce.com
content_type: documentation
content_hash: d5cf6492df5f213d39d2967562a304e9f3f87c97cda70a4df5e7dafd9a239935
description: A second-order insight shows how the combination of two explanatory variables explains variation in the outcome variable. In second-order analysis, the combined impact of both variables together on the outcome is sometimes called the interaction effect.
products:
  - CRM Analytics
  - Cross Cloud
release: "264"
---
# Explore a Second-Order Insight

A second-order insight shows how the combination of two explanatory variables explains variation in the outcome variable. In second-order analysis, the combined impact of both variables together on the outcome is sometimes called the interaction effect.

The following example shows a second-order insight.

![Bar chart showing, second-order insight with two numbered elements](https://sf-zdocs-cdn-prod.zoominsoftware.com/tdta-analytics-bi-264-0-0-production-enus/ec791473-f5b4-4f64-a656-9104f455d966/bi/images/bi/bi_edd_insight_variable_second_order.png)

To help orient you to what this chart reveals, refer to the headline on the left. In the chart, generally look for blue bars, starting from left to right.

<table class="slds-table slds-table_bordered slds-max-medium-table_stacked slds-m-bottom_small " summary="Chart Axes">
        <caption>Chart Axes</caption>
        <colgroup>
          <col style="width:18.281535648994517%">
          <col style="width:81.71846435100548%">
        </colgroup>
        <thead class="slds-text-title_caps ">
          <tr class="">
            <th scope="col" class="slds-cell-wrap" style="vertical-align:top;" id="d87731e56">Axis</th>
            <th scope="col" class="slds-cell-wrap" style="vertical-align:top;" id="d87731e59">Description</th>
          </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <tr class="">
            <td data-label="Axis" class="slds-cell-wrap" style="vertical-align:top;" headers="d87731e56 ">Horizontal</td>

            <td data-label="Description" class="slds-cell-wrap" style="vertical-align:top;" headers="d87731e59 ">
              <p>Explanatory variables for this insight. Each pair of vertical bars represents a
                category of one explanatory variable. Within each pair, the vertical bar on the left
                represents a single category of the other explanatory variable
                . The vertical on the right represents all other
                categories of the other explanatory variable.</p>
              <p style="margin-bottom:0;"> Categories are sorted by descending
                frequency from left to right (unless otherwise selected in Model Setup).
                Categories containing the highest frequency of observations are shown to the left,
                and the categories with the lowest frequency of observations are shown to the
                right.</p>
            </td>

          </tr>
          <tr class="">
            <td data-label="Axis" class="slds-cell-wrap" style="vertical-align:top;" headers="d87731e56 ">Vertical</td>

            <td data-label="Description" class="slds-cell-wrap" style="vertical-align:top;" headers="d87731e59 ">Outcome variable for this model.</td>

          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table> <table class="slds-table slds-table_bordered slds-max-medium-table_stacked slds-m-bottom_small " summary="Chart Elements">
        <caption>Chart Elements</caption>
        <colgroup>
          <col style="width:8.375209380234507%">
          <col style="width:16.750418760469014%">
          <col style="width:74.87437185929649%">
        </colgroup>
        <thead class="slds-text-title_caps ">
          <tr class="">
            <th scope="col" class="slds-cell-wrap" style="vertical-align:top;" id="d87731e106">Number</th>
            <th scope="col" class="slds-cell-wrap" style="vertical-align:top;" id="d87731e109">Element</th>
            <th scope="col" class="slds-cell-wrap" style="vertical-align:top;" id="d87731e112">Description</th>
          </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <tr class="">
            <td data-label="Number" class="slds-cell-wrap" style="vertical-align:top;" headers="d87731e106 ">1</td>

            <td data-label="Element" class="slds-cell-wrap" style="vertical-align:top;" headers="d87731e109 ">Legend</td>

            <td data-label="Description" class="slds-cell-wrap" style="vertical-align:top;" headers="d87731e112 ">
              <p>Describes the meaning of the vertical bars in the pairs.</p>
              <ul>
                <li><strong class="uicontrol">Category</strong> - The left bar is blue when it is
                  statistically significant or dark gray when it is statistically
                  insignificant.</li>
                <li><strong class="uicontrol">All Other Categories</strong> - The right bar is light
                  gray.</li>
              </ul>
              <p>To determine whether the left bar is significant, Einstein performs the
                following tests:</p>
              <ul>
                <li>For the numeric use case (numeric outcome variables), Einstein performs a
                  two-sample unpaired Student’s t-test (no assumption of equal variance) for each
                  bar, testing it against its complement (such as <strong>Type is Consulting</strong> and
                  <strong>Type is NOT Consulting</strong>).
                </li>
                <li>For the classification use case (binary outcomes), Einstein performs a
                  Chi-Square Goodness of Fit test to compare the observed number of the desired
                  outcome to the expected number based on the complement.</li>
              </ul>
              <p style="margin-bottom:0;">If the p-value of the test is below 0.01, the left bar is colored blue.
                Otherwise, it is colored a dark gray. Blue bars, then, are statistically
                significantly different from their complement (that their average would be so far
                from their complement is unlikely to have happened randomly).</p>
            </td>

          </tr>
          <tr class="">
            <td data-label="Number" class="slds-cell-wrap" style="vertical-align:top;" headers="d87731e106 ">2</td>

            <td data-label="Element" class="slds-cell-wrap" style="vertical-align:top;" headers="d87731e109 ">Paired Vertical Bar</td>

            <td data-label="Description" class="slds-cell-wrap" style="vertical-align:top;" headers="d87731e112 ">
              <p>Each pair represents a category of the explanatory variable that appears along
                the horizontal axis. With each pair:</p>
              <ul>
                <li>The left bar represents one category of another <em>Explanatory
                    Variable</em>.</li>
                <li>The right bar represents all other categories of this <em>Explanatory
                    Variable</em>.</li>
                <li>The height of each vertical bar shows the average <em>Outcome Variable</em> for
                  this category or categories.</li>
              </ul>
              <p style="margin-bottom:0;">Hover over a bar to see additional information.</p>
            </td>

          </tr>
          <tr class="">
            <td data-label="Number" class="slds-cell-wrap" style="vertical-align:top;" headers="d87731e106 ">&nbsp;</td>

            <td data-label="Element" class="slds-cell-wrap" style="vertical-align:top;" headers="d87731e109 ">Left Bar Popup</td>

            <td data-label="Description" class="slds-cell-wrap" style="vertical-align:top;" headers="d87731e112 ">
              <ul>
                <li><strong class="uicontrol">First Explanatory Variable</strong> and
                  <strong class="uicontrol">Category</strong>
                </li>

                <li><strong class="uicontrol">Second Explanatory Variable</strong> and
                  <strong class="uicontrol">Category</strong>
                </li>

                <li><strong class="uicontrol">Difference in Average for Other Buckets</strong>: The
                  differences between the average of records that are left bar and the right bar
                  (left bar <strong class="uicontrol">Average</strong> - right bar
                  <strong class="uicontrol">Average</strong>).
                </li>

                <li><strong class="uicontrol">Total</strong>: Sum of all Outcome Variables for this
                  category.</li>

                <li><strong class="uicontrol">Count</strong>: Number of observations of this category.</li>

                <li><strong class="uicontrol">Difference from Average</strong>: How much this category average
                  differs from the global average (<strong class="uicontrol">Average</strong> -
                  <strong class="uicontrol">Global Average</strong>).
                </li>

                <li><strong class="uicontrol">Outcome Variable</strong>: Average Outcome Variable for this
                  category (<strong class="uicontrol">Total</strong> / <strong class="uicontrol">Count</strong>).</li>

                <li><strong class="uicontrol">Global Average</strong>: Global average of all variables.</li>

              </ul>
            </td>

          </tr>
          <tr class="">
            <td data-label="Number" class="slds-cell-wrap" style="vertical-align:top;" headers="d87731e106 ">&nbsp;</td>

            <td data-label="Element" class="slds-cell-wrap" style="vertical-align:top;" headers="d87731e109 ">Right Bar Popup</td>

            <td data-label="Description" class="slds-cell-wrap" style="vertical-align:top;" headers="d87731e112 ">
              <ul>
                <li><strong class="uicontrol">First Explanatory Variable</strong> and
                  <strong class="uicontrol">Category</strong>
                </li>

                <li><strong class="uicontrol">Second Explanatory Variable</strong> and <strong class="uicontrol">All Other
                    Categories</strong></li>

                <li><strong class="uicontrol">Total</strong>: Sum of all Outcome Variables for this
                  combination of categories.</li>

                <li><strong class="uicontrol">Count</strong>: Number of observations within this combination
                  of categories.</li>

                <li><strong class="uicontrol">Difference from Average</strong>: How much this combination of
                  categories average differs from the global average
                  (<strong class="uicontrol">Average</strong> - <strong class="uicontrol">Global Average</strong>).</li>

                <li><strong class="uicontrol">Outcome Variable</strong>: Average Outcome Variable for this
                  category (<strong class="uicontrol">Total</strong> / <strong class="uicontrol">Count</strong>).</li>

                <li><strong class="uicontrol">Global Average</strong>: Global average of all variables.</li>

              </ul>
            </td>

          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>